It functions by sensing the linear velocity of the fluid passing through the known cross sectional area of the meter housing to determine the volumetric flow rate. Fatigue is a very important consideration for machines which are subjected to continuous cyclic loading such as springs, gear teeth, valves, turbine blades, aircraft, gas engines, bridges, etc. With condition-based maintenance, overall reliability is improved while the total cost of maintenance is reduced. Time taken to rise to some specified percentage of the steady state value. As the rotors turn, the grooves are closed by the housing walls, forming a compression chamber to provide lubrication, sealing, cooling and avoid any metal to metal contact; lubricant is injected into the compression chamber. As such, it may be expressed as the derivative of the transfer function with respect to physical signal. This theory is also called as maximum distortion energy theory. An object is detected when it interrupts the light beam between the sensor and reflector. This drawing is used by all departments which are involved in the process of production — planning, purchase, stores, tooling, machining, fabrication, inspection, assembly, laboratory, etc. is used. The evaporator coil is located inside the box, usually in the freezer compartment. d2y/dx2 = -P/EI x y or Some examples are intercoolers, preheaters, boilers and condensers in power plants. Reciprocating compressors are either single- or double-acting. It helps to increase the suction lift beyond the normal limit of 8m of water head. The work table can be moved side ways or up-down within certain limits. left to right will cause reaction in terms of movement. Coefficient of Performance = Q / W = Heat input / Net input work. Industrial processes include: manufacturing/production/powergeneration/fabrication/refining (refer to chapter 6) – continuous, batch, repetitive or discrete. Implemented throughout the preliminary and detail design phases. The key features of the control valves are: The purpose of an actuating cylinder is to convert fluid under pressure into linear or mechanical motion. Hydraulics applications commonly use from 1,000 to 5,000 psi (7 to 35 MPa), but specialized applications may exceed 10,000 psi (70 MPa). There are quite a few variations of this type. Creep failure is an important phenomenon for steam and chemical plants which operate at high temperatures of 450 to 550°C, boilers, ovens, gas turbines, supersonic jets, rockets, missiles, and nuclear plants all working at very high temperatures. Gas wells produce small quantities of condensate, which may require processing. Chains (Figure 4.31) generally have a long life if used under proper conditions. Sketch the maintenance cost graph. Instead it is converted from one form to another, such as from work to heat, from heat to light, from chemical to heat. The purpose of this course is to review the material covered in the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam to enable the student to pass it. In our everyday lives, we are aware of different temperatures through the sensation of touch, but how hot or cold something feels is subjective. The advantages are that they can transmit power over long distances, and can absorb shock loads and have relatively low cost. These conventional definitions are sufficient and acceptable for most of the engineering applications. Grain size directly controls the extent of slip interference by adjacent grains and affects the properties of strength, toughness, ductility and fatigue of metals. These benefits are relayed to the users as a result of increased competition. The obvious advantage is that nitty-gritty of preparation of drawing is taken care of by drawing software. Which one would you know to order? Grain size may be regulated by the factors such as: Heat treatment of metals is basically an operation or combination of many operations that involve heating and cooling of metals or alloys in the solid state to produce certain desired properties. The size and shape of the arrows is kept uniform all over the drawing in one sheet. Finite Volume Method (FVM) is one of the most popular analysis methods. The ability of the sensor to give the same output for repeated applications (with all other factors in the environment held constant) without being disconnected from the input. For example, if the need is for cleaner air, the problem might be that of reducing the dust discharge from the chimneys or from power plant stacks, reducing the quantity of irritants from automotive exhausts, or promoting battery (electrical) operated vehicles, or of quickly extinguishing forest fires. Mechanical engineering is an engineering branch that combines engineering physics and mathematics principles with materials science to design, analyze, manufacture, and maintain mechanical systems. A column is any member except those in which failure would be by simple or pure compression. The force, F, is applied perpendicular to the radius, lever or moment arm. In this section we are going to study pumps in following aspects. Of Drive & Driven Gear respectively, (Here drive gear/pinion will be Gear on motor shaft & Driven Gear will be on Compressor shaft), We the distance between two shafts ,L = 500 mm, We know from equation- (I) Velocity Ratio = 4.5 , which can also be written as, Pitch Line velocity of Drive can be calculated as, Lewis Factor for Gear ,Yg = 0.175 – 0.841/Tg, Since, Fwg = Fog x Cv , Here let us assume that Gear is made of Cast steel, From trial and error m can be calculated as 8.95, Now considering standard value from ‘m’ as 10 (rounding it to nearest value), Number of teeth and pitch circle diameter of each Gear Or This is obtained from chemical reduction of iron ore in a blast furnace by a process called as smelting. Casting is the most versatile process. It is used on on screw cutting lathes, brass valves, clocks and bench vices. Minor energy losses are due to sudden enlargement or contraction of pipe, bend of pipe, an obstruction in pipe or pipe fittings etc. At the ends of the tubes, the tube side fluid is separated from the shell side fluid by the tube sheet(s).The tubes are rolled and press-fitted or welded into the tube sheet to provide a leak tight seal. Mathematically it can be put as, Where: The low and medium carbon- steels can be easily forged without difficulty but high carbon steels and there alloys need a great care while forging. A two-position valve has two squares; a three-position valve has three etc. The gear on the train to which the force is first applied is called the driver. When the work is done on the object it gains energy. Energy can be defined as the capacity for doing work. Mild steel however cannot be hardened. The flux reacts with impurities. Through a process called heterodyning, the inaudible signal is converted into a frequency that we can hear through headphones. A force can be described as the push or pull upon an object resulting from the object’s interaction with another object. The assumption made by the draftsman, whether first angle or third angle, is clearly recorded in the title block of the drawing. The indenter first overcomes the resistance of the material to elastic deformation and then a small amount of plastic deformation. They are used in everything from washing machines, refrigerators, cars and trucks to construction sites, wastewater treatment facilities and food processing plants. The processes of hot and cold working with metal are discussed in detail. A diode is a component that restricts the directional flow of charge carriers. The eddy currents and hysteresis losses generate the heating effect. 9 Shaping, sawing, and broaching It is relatively soft, malleable, ductile and flexible but very tough and strong. Thermography, or thermal imaging, is a type of infrared imaging. Welding is decidedly advantageous over casting or forging whenever the component parts are heavy and the joints need to be made on-site. The melting point of aluminum is sufficiently high (658°C) but lower compared to ferrous metals and alloys. The final product results in a uniform part, generally good surface finish and good dimensional accuracy, within 0.2% of casting dimension. They have a rotor with external threads and a stator with internal threads. For example a loudspeaker is a transducer that transforms electrical signals into sound energy. When selecting a measuring device, it is important to consider the operating parameters and the physical and chemical properties of the process materials. Fatigue strength may be defined as the safe maximum stress which can be applied to the machine part working under actual conditions. Direct lined bearings: Housings are lined directly with bearing material by means of metallurgical bonding. M = -Py This line is used for adjacent part which really do not form part of the assembly under study but is useful in understanding the functioning of a system as a whole. The resulting impulse (as described by Newton’s second law of motion) spins the turbine and removes kinetic energy from the fluid flow. The Standard Atmospheric Pressure (atm) is used as a reference for gas densities and volumes. nowadays CAD and CAM goes hand in hand. Name typical faults that can be detected by ultrasonic monitoring. At the same point in an irreversible cycle, the system will be in the same state, but the surroundings are permanently changed after each cycle. The software’s like UGS, Catia , Pro-E, Edge-CAM, etc are well known in CAM field. If an object is strained along longitudinal direction, strains will be developed along the lateral direction also. Toughness is when a material resists fracture when acted upon by force. Flow is unrestricted, but the valve is larger. The stress at which the yielding of the material takes place with no noticeable increase of tensile force is called yield strain. The fluid is free to flow from the cylinder through the port, and back through the control valve to return. This choice of comparison method is popular because it makes most sensors look the best. Such a system may also be called a closed loop system. Zinc is obtained from zinc ore ‘blended (zinc sulphide)’ and ‘calamine (zinc carbonate)’. N total = N1 x N2 x N3 … Nn. Since these skills are required for virtually everything that is made, mechanical engineering is perhaps the broadest and most diverse of engineering disciplines. In an irreversible process, finite changes are made; therefore the system is not at equilibrium throughout the process. Some of the common applications are found in: Heat flowing from hot to cold objects as running ‘down hill’ is what objects naturally do in Newtonian mechanics. Basic properties of these materials their uses and industrial applications are covered in this chapter. Semester Offered: Fall, Spring. Helical gears have teeth inclined to the axis of rotation. With precise construction and design, generators can be built to produce very precise voltages for certain ranges of shaft speeds, thus making them well-suited as measurement devices for shaft speed in mechanical equipment. Extra care is required to avoid loosening of fasteners (using Loctite, locking pins or using lock wire). The pipe diameter on both the inlet and the outlet sides of the pump should be at least one size larger than the nozzle itself. The title of this publication was “Standard reference temperature for industrial length measurement.”. The first step in this technique is to do vibration monitoring. The concept of moments is the turning effect produced by a force, on the body, on which it acts. Electrical machines (either a motor or a generator) typically have an overall appearance as shown in Figure 7.33. Direct Reflection – emitter and receiver are housed together and use the light reflected directly off the object for detection. This will ensure the delivery of a uniform flow of liquid to the eye of the impeller, which is essential for an optimum suction condition. has to be specified on the drawing. So the Moody chart is used to solve three types of pipe-flow problems: A crude oil of viscocity 0.9 poise and relative density 0.9 is flowing through a horizontal circular pipe of diameter 120mm and length 12m. stress relieving, or strength properties, e.g. It uses hydraulic pressure on either side of the piston to move it in the selected direction. Back to the deformation starts, the consequences are safety of machinery and human is. 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