Biol. However, some low-molecular intermediate substrates (redox mediators) allow laccases indirectly oxidize large molecules with a high redox potential, including non-phenolic lignin. Macroalgae polysaccharides are divided into storage and structural depending on their chemical structure and function (Jiao et al., 2011; Kim, 2011; Ermakova et al., 2015; Rodrigues et al., 2015; Synytsya et al., 2015; Abdallah et al., 2016; Cunha and Grenha, 2016; Deniaud-Bouet et al., 2017; Raimundo et al., 2017). doi: 10.1007/s00248-015-0640-5, Wang, Y., Barth, D., Tamminen, A., and Wiebe, M. G. (2016). 74, 2709–2716. 164, 612–628. 12 Marine fungi have proven to be a rich and promising source of novel therapeutics agents. Mar. Bioinform. doi: 10.6026/97320630011176, Hong, J.-H., Jang, S., Heo, Y. M., Min, M., Lee, H., Lee, Y. M., et al. (2013). Polysaccharides from macroalgae: recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification. CBMAI 1601 were isolated from the marine sponges of the north coast of Brazil (Menezes et al., 2010; Otero et al., 2017). Food Sci. 282:20152243. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2243, Rodrigues, D., Freitas, A. C., Pereira, L., Rocha-Santos, T. A. P., Vasconcelos, M. W., Roriz, M., et al. They have the advantage of yielding more energy than the obligate … Facultative marine fungi have physiologically adapted to the marine environment and can grow and most likely sporulate in seawater, yet may originate from terrestrial and freshwater habitats. Remarkably, only fungi possessed β-1,3-glucanases with exo-type action. (2015). (2012). Eukaryota, Organisms with Nucleated Cells. Taxonomically characterized marine fungi are belongs to either facultative or obligate forms. Surprising spectra of root-associated fungi in submerged aquatic plants. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2519, Hasan, S., Ansari, M. I., Ahmad, A., and Mishra, M. (2015). About 3.5–4.6% and 11.5–16.1% of cellulose fiber were chemically determined in non-food macroalgae Ascophyllum nodosum and Sargassum sp., which were used for bioethanol production (Kraan, 2012). 31, 433–441. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evv090, Chen, H.-Y., Xue, D.-S., Feng, X.-Y., and Yao, S.-J. After the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, we heard a lot about oil-eating bacteria. All species are obligate endoparasites of animals, except Nephromyces, a symbiont in marine animals, originally classified as a chytrid fungus. 65, 340–344. Xylanases are used concurrently with cellulases and pectinases for clarifying juices, the liquefaction of vegetables and fruits as well as in the pretreatment of forage crops to improve the digestibility of ruminant feeds and to facilitate composting (Nadu et al., 2011; Goddard-Borger et al., 2012). In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, several cases of seagrass local mycosis were also identified. Background: Marine fungi are a diverse group of opportunistic and obligate organisms isolated from marine environments. Food Res. Polyextremophilic characteristics of α-amylases from marine fungi are often of interest due to their frequent use (25% of total enzyme market) in food, pharmaceutical, and detergent industries (Ali et al., 2014). How many species are there? They are filamentous fungi composed of hyphae (long, branching filamentous structures). 109, 112–120. (2015). No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Originally appearing in “Diversity and potential antifungal properties of fungi associated with a Mediterranean sponge” (Fungal Diversity) by Paz, Z., Komon-Zelazowska, M., Druzhinina, I.S. An effective role of mannanases is in the bleaching process to reduce the environmentally harmful chemicals in pulp and paper industry (Arfi et al., 2013). They use oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor during aerobic respiration. The genome of the white-rot fungus Pycnoporus cinnabarinus: a basidiomycete model with a versatile arsenal for lignocellulosic biomass breakdown. doi: 10.1007/s00253-011-3473-2, van Leeuwen, J. H., Rasmussen, M. L., Sankaran, S., Koza, C. R., Erickson, D. T., Mitra, D., et al. nov., a new marine polysaccharide-degrading bacterium isolated from a Pacific red alga. Microbiol. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.057, Rodriguez-Jasso, R. M., Mussatto, S. I., Pastrana, L., Aguilar, C. N., and Teixeira, J. Feng, X., Chen, H., Xue, D., and Yao, S. (2013). Our understanding of the fungi that inhabit our oceans (an area covering more than 70% of our planet’s surface) is quite limited, compared to what we know of their terrestrial brethren. One of the most important use of these enzymes is in bioremediation to degrade or neutralize pollutants in the environment or to decolorize dyes in industries (Raghukumar, 2008; Sette and Santos, 2013). We collect information from you when you register on our site, place an order... READ MORE. Microbiol. Twenty-nine of them showed more than 50% of the tannase activity in the saline conditions that could make the plant eatable to most of the fauna present in the sea (Panno et al., 2013). Therefore, the gene sequences encoding CAZymes of marine fungi should be explored on their functionality to use in the genetic modification and metabolic improvement of the biotechnological strains, particularly for their cultivation at the high salt concentrations or other extreme conditions in industry or bioremediation of soils and water. A., Vieira, J. M. F., Videira, A., Meirelles, L. A., Rodrigues, A., Taniwaki, M. H., et al. Pectin-like carbohydrates in the green alga Micrasterias characterized by cytochemical analysis and energy filtering TEM. In recent years interest in the secondary metabo-lites and bio-active compounds produced by some of these fungi has grown [2, 3] and they are increasingly included in ecological studies of marine environments [1, … Avaialable at: http://tolweb.org/Eukaryotes/3/2009.10.28, Kim, S.-K. (2011). Only Calcarisporium sp. The xylanase gene product with a sequence corresponding to the GH 10 family of the cold-adaptive P. chrysogenum FS010 isolated from deep-sea sediments of Yellow Sea was synthesized with the use of an expression vector pGEX-4T-1 (Hou et al., 2006). Many proteins encoded by fungal genomes involved in the plant degradation required rather transcriptomic, proteomic or gene functional analyses. (2014). Bot. Approximately 21, 19, and 16% of new bioactive metabolites obtained from the marine fungi come from those associated with algae, sponges, and mangrove habitats, respectively (Rateb and Ebel, 2011). Molecules 23:E901. Rev. The redox indicator DCPIP (redox potential +0.217 V) is used for the rapid and simple colorimetric determination of the different types of oil biodegradation profiles for the hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms based on the decoloration of reduced molecules of the substrate (Bidoia et al., 2010). Although the strain S. brevicaulis LF580 was isolated from the inner tissue of the marine sponge, it was fully equipped with putative enzymes involved in cellulose degradation similarly to other ascomycetes able to modify or deconstruct plant material (Supplementary Tables 1, 2). J. Microbiol. The surprising absence of cosmopolitan taxa in our study, such as the genus Corollospora or the species Humicola alopallonella , can … The fungal filtrate also showed moderate activities of xylosidase (0.26 U mL-1) and arabinofuranosidase that could act synergistically with xylanase at attacking xylan. doi: 10.1007/s00248-002-1055-7, Mai, Z., Su, H., and Zhang, S. (2016). The acidophilic tannase produced by marine Aspergillus awamori BTMFW032 showed an industrial potential for the synthesis of antioxidant propyl gallate by transesterification, tea cream solubilization, and the simultaneous production of tannase and gallic acid (Beena et al., 2011). doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2008.02036.x, Eder, M., and Lütz-Meindl, U. L. (2010). (2015). 3:147. doi: 10.4172/2155-6199.1000147. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140398, Kusaykin, M. I., Silchenko, A. S., Zakharenko, A. M., and Zvyagintseva, T. N. (2016). Major bioactive metabolites from marine fungi: a review. 29, 719–739. The importance of chytrid fungi in parasitism of marine phytoplankton is increasingly recognized, and fungal parasites are also known from invertebrates, fish, and even top predators such as seals and ⦠Ligninolytic enzymes play a crucial role in carbon recycling. The capability of metabolic utilization of plant or macroalgae polysaccharides allows for an increase in the production of fungal biomass enriched by mycelium proteins and extracellular enzymes that can be used in animal or fish feeding, or in the bioremediation of soils and water (Supplementary Table 1). Floridean starch granules outside of plastids, and consisting mostly of a-D-glucose and insoluble amylopectin, are the main storage polysaccharide in the red seaweeds (Kim, 2011). Marine fungi are species of fungi that live in marine or estuarine environments. FIGURE 1. Taking into account that environmental pollution is largely related to the saline conditions, the use of the lignin-degrading enzymes from the marine-derived fungi can be considered strategic (Zilly et al., 2011; Sette and Santos, 2013; Bovio et al., 2017; Barnes et al., 2018). These analyses revealed the presence many post-genomic or post-translational modifications during the lignocellulose degradation process, particularly in the presence of salt (Arfi et al., 2013; Panno et al., 2013; Cong et al., 2017). Microbiol. Twenty-four GH3, 13 GH5, 11 GH13, 12 GH16, 4 GH17, 5 GH55 that can relate to β-1,3;1,6-glucanase activity have been found in the marine S. brevicaulis LF580 grown at the highest rate on laminarin as the sole source of carbon (Supplementary Tables 1, 2). 162, 2177–2188. 344, 1670–1675. This intertidal snail lives in the marshy area that gets flooded at high tide; this snail purposely damages Spartina plants that grow there. Many unknown fungal species, even at higher taxonomic levels in the Chytridiomycota forming an ancient evolutionary lineage, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota found in the deep-sea water, and the molecular clock estimates of their rRNA evolution suggested the hypothesis that fungi initially diversified in the ocean before they colonized the land (∼400 million years ago) (Le Calvez et al., 2009; Manohar and Raghukumar, 2013). doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2009.07.014, Borines, M. G., de Leon, R. L., and McHenry, M. P. (2011). 10, 8450–8460. Microbial diversity associated with algae, ascidians and sponges from the north coast of São Paulo state, Brazil. as an important candidates for biofuel production (Mukherjee et al., 2016). The majority of 18 marine-derived ascomycetes and zygomycetes also showed the EG and BGL activities independently on salinity (Lee et al., 2015). (2009). The lignocellulolytic pathways of Myceliophthora thermophila varied with different plant substrates, reflecting the plant cell-wall polysaccharide structure and content (Kolbusz et al., 2014). 3, 5–10. (2014). Synytsya, A., Čopíková, J., Kim, W. J., and Park, Y. I. I. What is an obligate marine fungi? Since some seagrasses and macroalgae showed up to 40% xylan (in red/green algae and higher plants) or fuco-glucuronoxylans (in brown algae) of the polysaccharide content, it was suggested the marine bacteria and fungi associated with them could evolve the efficient mechanisms for xylan degradation at the genetic and/or molecular levels (Kraan, 2012; Del-Cid et al., 2014; Dos Santos et al., 2016). doi: 10.15171/ijb.1155, Al-Nasrawi, H. (2012). For the efficient bioconversion of plant and algae material, microorganisms or enzymes capable of degrading the indigestible cell wall polysaccharide complexes are the most valuable for biotechnology. (2015). doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04563.x, Balabanova, L. A., Bakunina, I. Y., Slepchenko, L. V., Kirichuk, N. N., Khudyakova, Y. V., Son, O. M., et al. However, all 144 studied fungal isolates (except Fusarium sp.) Taxonomically characterized marine fungi are belongs to either facultative or obligate forms. 2012). The first results in the study of antimicrobial activity of facultative and obligatory marine fungi of the Black Sea, as well as the ability of fungi to luminescence, are … Mangroves are considered as major Family 6 CBMs are appropriate receptors for laminarin due to the presence of multiple distinct ligand binding sites (van Bueren et al., 2005). Among 103 fungal genomes examined, 21 lacked any PL genes (Zhao et al., 2014). It is known that at least 35 GH, 3 CE and 6 PL families are involved in plant polysaccharide degradation (van den Brink and de Vries, 2011). Microbiol. Obligate marine fungi are those that grow and sporulate exclusively in a marine or estuarine habitat, while facultative marine fungi are those from freshwater or terrestrial milieus that are able to grow (and possibly sporulate) in the marine environments (Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer, 1979; Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 2003). The Paleozoic origin of enzymatic lignin decomposition reconstructed from 31 fungal genomes. They are not a taxonomic group, but share a common habitat. (2014). There are mushrooms living in the sea! tain obligate marine fungi, terrestrial fungi and those that can survive, or at least tolerate both environments to some degree. Cellulase-producing marine fungi among 181 samples isolated from the continental slope sediments of the Arabian Sea belonged mainly to genera Cephalosporium (36.5%), Pleospora (22.5%), Humicola (20.5%), and Penicillium (18.55%) (Smitha et al., 2014). Still others are free-living, such as arenicolous fungi that live in sand pores. Polysaccharide-degrading activity in marine and terrestrial strains of mycelial fungi. Isolation, characterization and transcriptome analysis of a novel Antarctic Aspergillus sydowii strain MS-19 as apotential lignocellulosic enzyme source. Sustain. The editor and reviewers' affiliations are the latest provided on their Loop research profiles and may not reflect their situation at the time of review. Thomas, L., Joseph, A., Singhania, R. R., Patel, A. K., and Pandey, A. There are at least nine families of the pectin-specific enzymes, including GH28, GH53, and GH93, polysaccharide lyases of PL1, PL3, PL4, and PL11, and CEs of CE8 and CE13. Endoglucanases catalyze the cleavage of accessible intramolecular β-1,4-glucosidic linkages in cellulose randomly and production of the new chain ends (Payne et al., 2015). J. Biol. (2017). The utilization of laminarin, starch, and xylan by Calcarisporium sp. Approximately 50% of 88 the tested strains were able to decolorize the dyes extensively (DP > 50%) at concentrations 15 and 30 g/l of salts. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M410113200, van den Brink, J., and de Vries, R. P. (2011). Mol. Chem. Comparative analysis of fungal genomes reveals different plant cell wall degrading capacity in fungi. J. Jpn. 165, 466–482. Polymerization 63–86. B. Where I learned about marine fungi, and you can too! Nat. NCi6, increasing the number of the secreted GHs that were more diverse (nine vs. six families), and more enriched in cellulolytic AA9 (formerly GH61) and xylanolytic GH43, GH10, and GH30 than in conditions without salt (Arfi et al., 2013). Microbiol. Research and application of marine microbial enzymes: status and prospects. Induction, expression and characterisation of laccase genes from the marine-derived fungal strains Nigrospora sp. At the same time, marine fungi associated with macroalgae may be depleted in some enzymatic activities due to their mutualistic living in microbial communities enriched in the bacteria degrading the algae polysaccharides (Pluvinage et al., 2013; Nedashkovskaya et al., 2014, 2018; Kusaykin et al., 2016; Zhu et al., 2016; Gao et al., 2017; Raghukumar, 2017). Thus, the marine laccases, peroxidases, and tannases could be of great interest in both biotechnology and ecology in the cases where a high concentration of salts are required, particularly in the extremely cold environments (Kamei et al., 2008; Raghukumar, 2008; Pang et al., 2011; Bonugli-Santos et al., 2010; Menezes et al., 2010; Feng et al., 2013; Sette and Santos, 2013). CBMAI 1602, Peniophora sp. After purification of the A. niger xylanase, its activity reached the value 2457 U mg-1 protein, which was comparable with the terrestrial analog (Supplementary Table 1). CBMAI 1063 cultivated in saline conditions (Otero et al., 2017). Arfi, Y., Chevret, D., Henrissat, B., Berrin, J. G., Levasseur, A., and Record, E. (2013). (2017). J. Mol. 4:1810. doi: 10.1038/ncomms2850, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Aro, N., Pakula, T., and Penttila, M. (2005). Marine Mycology: An Overview of Pathogens, and Secondary Metabolites Introduction and History The golden age of marine mycology occurred from 1960-1990 with the research and discovery of most of the roughly 500 species of obligate marine fungi. However, the question of what the marine fungi contributes to the plant and algae material biotransformation processes has yet to be highlighted sufficiently. Biofuels 6:41. doi: 10.1186/1754-6834-6-41, Levasseur, A., Lomascolo, A., Chabrol, O., Ruiz-Dueñas, F. J., Boukhris-Uzan, E., Piumi, F., et al. (1998). doi: 10.1533/9781908818355.3.403, Singh, R. P., Gupta, V., Kumari, P., Kumar, M., Reddy, C. R. K., Prasad, K., et al. Aspergillus terreus MUT 271, T. harzianum MUT 290 and Penicillium citreonigrum MUT 267 showed a high decolorization percentage (DP ≥ 68%) of 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP) with the highest decrease of hydrocarbon compounds (up to 40%) for A. terreus MUT 271 (Bovio et al., 2017). Aside from decolorization, the fungus removed 68% of the toxicity of MSW containing benzo(a)pyrene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), therefore in the estuarine fish, Oreochromis mossambicus, it was showed no liver damage in contrast to the fish after contact with untreated MSW by the fungus (Raghukumar et al., 2004b). The unique properties of CAZymes from the marine fungi are important for biotechnology because of their ability to function at the high salinity and pH, low water potential, high sodium ion concentrations, extremely low or high temperature, oligotrophic nutrient conditions, and the high hydrostatic pressure in comparison with the enzymes of terrestrial fungi that are mostly cultivated at pH 4.5–6.0 and low salinity (≤0.05%) (Raghukumar, 2008; Farinas et al., 2010; Pang et al., 2011; Zilly et al., 2011; Arfi et al., 2013; Del-Cid et al., 2014; Lee et al., 2015; Thirunavukkarasu et al., 2015; Dos Santos et al., 2016; Trincone, 2018). However, the value increased approximately threefold after the week of cultivation in only S. brevicaulis. J. Pharm. J. Appl. Studying the carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), particularly the main and concomitant polysaccharide-depolymerizing enzymes in marine fungi, allow for the elucidation of mechanisms of their action and advantages for biotechnological use. (2010). doi: 10.1093/bfgp/elu032, Mukherjee, S., Chandrababunaidu, M. M., Panda, A., Khowala, S., and Tripathy, S. (2016). The cold-active xylanases from psychrotrophic marine fungi were successfully cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris. doi: 10.1007/s12010-013-0551-1, Deniaud-Bouet, E., Hardouin, K., Potin, P., Kloareg, B., and Herve, C. (2017). Biochem. (2016). The plant polysaccharide-degrading enzymes were also predominant in Pestalotiopsis sp. Mar. Substrate recognition and hydrolysis by a family 50 exo-β-agarase, Aga50D, from the marine bacterium Saccharophagus degradans. Oxidative enzymes are in 12 AA families, of which 8 AAs act during lignin degradation and 4 AAs act on polysaccharides (LPMOs) with an endo-type mechanism of action in crystalline regions of the chains (Payne et al., 2015). Mangroves are … In just a handful of years, researchers from around the world have filled in some major holes in our understanding of marine fungi, but there is still a ridiculous amount of interactions and biochemical processes we don’t know about. The Apicomplexa are unicellular and spore-forming. doi: 10.1021/jf301674u, Lyons, J. I., Newell, S. Y., Buchan, A., and Moran, M. A. A. E. A. Marine fungi: a source of potential anticancer compounds. 5, 479–490. LS drew Figure 1 and assisted in the preparation of Supplementary Table 1. The Lore & Legend of Texas Saltwater Fishing. (2009). The cellulase complex of fungal species of genera Trichoderma and Aspergillus are believed to be the most equipped for plant material degradation and therefore their genetic-engineering strains, particularly T. reesei, and the genes encoding highly active cellulases, have been intensively used for the improvement of industrial processes (Payne et al., 2015; Kuhad et al., 2016; Druzhinina and Kubicek, 2017). (2013). J. Biochem. Technol. (2006). 1A) and a few basidio-mycetes. BioRes. It is known that the enzymatic breakdown of cellulose in fungi is achieved by GHs from the families 5, 6, 7, 12, and 45 distinguished by the mode of enzymatic action and the substrate specificity: cellulose 1,4-β-cellobiohydrolyses (reducing end) (EC 3.2.1.176; CBH I; GH7); β-1,4-endoglucanases (EC 3.2.1.4; EG; GH 5,6,7,12,45), exo-β-glucanases or cellobiohydrolases (non-reducing end) (EC 3.2.1.91; CBHII; GH 6,7), β-glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.21; BGL; GH 1,3), and the auxiliary enzymes (AA) (Supplementary Table 2). Curr. Biol. Complete genome sequence and transcriptomic analysis of a novel marine strain Bacillus weihaiensis reveals the mechanism of brown algae degradation. doi: 10.1128/genomeA.00467-16, Redouan, E., Cedric, D., Emmanuel, P., Mohamed, E. G., Bernard, C., Philippe, M., et al. Int. The genomic or transcriptomic analyses may provide information about the life style and metabolic repertoire of marine fungi. J63. doi: 10.3390/md9020196, Jones, E. B. G., Suetrong, S., Sakayaroj, J., Bahkali, A. H., Abdel-Wahab, M. A., Boekhout, T., et al. 44, 431–437. (2016), 112 isolates were able to degrade xylan. marine fungi are aquatic and terrestrial microorganisms that are able to grow in marine environments.10 Until 1991, only 321 species of obligate marine fungi had been described,11 the majority belonging to the class Ascomycete, which are found in shallow waters, frequently associated with marine algae, decomposing wood,7 … doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.064, Burtseva, Y. V., Verigina, N. S., Sova, V. V., Pivkin, M. V., and Zvyagintseva, T. N. (2003). Biodegradation of crude oil by fungi isolated from Gulf of Mexico. Some species are obligate parasites, deadly enough that some shrimp and lobsters host symbiotic bacteria that produce anti-fungal compounds to protect the crustacean embryos; any aquarium enthusiast can tell you about fungal infections that rapidly take advantage of wounded fish. Additionally, the new natural product … Phylogenetic analyses of fungi indicated that the earliest fungi had copies of GH28 genes, which further duplicated during the evolution of the common ancestor of Chytridiomycota and the terrestrial fungi to be able to consume nutrients from pectin-containing streptophyte plants (Chang et al., 2015). Distribution and diversity of enzymes for polysaccharide degradation in fungi. “Industrial enzymes: xylanases,” in Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering: Production, Isolation and Purification of Industrial Products, eds A. Pandey, S. Negi, and C. R. Soccol (New York, NY: Elsevier), 127–148. AMB Express. The genes encoding CAZymes in the presence of polymers or their partially hydrolyzed molecules have been shown to be repressed under the growth conditions on simple substrates such as glucose, when the fungus does not need the production of the polysaccharide-degrading enzymes for the nutrition (Aro et al., 2005). While the majority belong to the Ascomycotina, some belong to the Basidiomycotina and the Oomycotina. You can find fungi anywhere you look: mud, beach sand, on algae, in corals, detritus in mangrove swamps, estuarine grasses, and even nestled in the gut of crustaceans (Hyde et al. (2013) except for two isolates that showed overall low mannanase activity or low activity in the non-saline medium due to an adaptation of certain enzymes to various levels of salinity (Supplementary Table 1). The main polysaccharide in Acetabularia, Codium, and the Halicoryne genera, and in some red algae such as Porphyra umbilicales is β-1,4-mannan, which is a structural and reserve component of green algae (siphonaceous) (Goddard-Borger et al., 2012; Synytsya et al., 2015) (Figure 1). 44, 2424–2430. Changes in polyphenol and polysaccharide content of grape seed extract and grape pomace after enzymatic treatment. (2016). J. Chem. Appl. Biol. Microbiol. Most ocean fungi live on animals and plants, or dead and decaying matter. They are not a taxonomic group, but share a common habitat. Moreover, in vitro addition of the non-metabolized glucose analog 2-DG in the medium containing cellobiose resulted in a further increase of the β-glucosidase and endoglucanase activities. Sustain. MnP is a glycoprotein dependent on H2O2 and Mn2+ and oxidizes aromatic phenols and dyes (Bonugli-Santos et al., 2010). Plant-polysaccharide-degrading enzymes from basidiomycetes. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1200785109, Cunha, L., and Grenha, A. doi: 10.3923/ajbkr.2011.98.124, Deshmukh, R., Khardenavis, A. Isolation and selection of fungi for degrading saturated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and NSO compounds. Notably, the largest number of fungi able to produce xylanase with an enzymatic activity from 0.25 to 49.41 U mL-1 was recovered from marine sponges. isolated from marine sediments collected in the east coast of India showed the high levels of amylase activity (220–250 U mg-1), whose biomass was grown by solid state fermentation (SSF) with the use of spoiled banana fruit with starch supplementation at 35–40°C and pH 6.5 (Sathya and Ushadevy, 2013). Microbiol. (2004). 4, 495–522. Biotechnol. doi: 10.1093/glycob/cwv072, Le Calvez, T., Burgaud, G., Mahe, S., Barbier, G., and Vandenkoornhuyse, P. (2009). Classification of marine Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Blastocladiomycota and Chytridiomycota. Sci. Screening and production of ligninolytic enzyme by a marine-derived fungal Pestalotiopsis sp. Analyses and localization of pectin-like carbohydrates in cell wall and mucilage of the green alga Netrium digitus. (2015). [6,7]. (2016), Calcarisporium sp., Tritirachium sp., Bartalinia robillardoides, Penicillium pinophilum, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, and Pestalotiopsis sp., grew well on cellulose or CMC as the sole carbon source indicating only weak production of cellulases or endoglucanases. Life Sci. The fungal pectinolytic enzymes that degrade multiple pectic molecules have been suggested to be good indicators of the association between fungi and the land plant lineage (Chang et al., 2015). However, brown algae have the highest diversity of fungal endophytes such as facultative marine Aspergillus, Cladosporium, and Penicillium, and obligate marine Halosigmoidea marina and Acremonium fuci, whose population may increase in dead algae (Raghukumar, 2017). Molecular diversity and distribution of marine fungi across 130 European environmental samples. (2015). Biophys. Tricking Arthrinium malaysianum into producing industrially important enzymes under 2-deoxy D-glucose treatment. Renew. (2016). Chin. It is likely that most of the true marine fungi have not yet been discovered. The initial cellulase activity of the marine strains B. felina and S. brevicaulis grown on the rice floury bran reached to 27 and 45 U/mg, respectively (Balabanova et al., 2018). doi: 10.1007/s00253-009-2331-y, Harms, H., Schlosser, D., and Wick, L. Y. Marine fungi are ex-pected to be found in parts that can be submerged, while Biosafety Res. Production of amylase from marine fungus using spoiled banana fruit as a substrate. Chemical composition of red, brown and green macroalgae from Buarcos bay in Central West Coast of Portugal. EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE MOLECULES ISOLATED FROM OBLIGATE MARINE FUNGI Evol. KF525, Tritirachium sp. 183, 197–207. 3, 308–309. Smitha, S. L., Neil, S. C., and Rosamma, P. (2014). The expression of oxidative enzymes was monitored through decoloration of the dyes Remazol Brilliant Blue (RBBR) for laccases and Amaranth Red (AmR) for peroxidases with the redox potential similar to the natural substrates of these enzymes (Desai and Nityanand, 2011; Panno et al., 2013; Bonugli-Santos et al., 2015). Protoplasma 997–1016. It contains 21 hydrolases from the GH5, GH6, and GH7 families against only eleven in Trichoderma reesei, which is widely used in biotechnology. The higher xylanase activity was registered at the enzymatic production of reducing-sugar ends from birchwood xylan, oat spelts xylan, and wheat arabinoxylan (Supplementary Table 1). The potential of many lignin-degrading marine fungi lies in their laccases that have been applied for bioconversion of agriculture plants and their wastes in valuable products such as feed supplementations or pharmaceuticals; for biobleaching of paper pulp, dye bleaching in textile industries, wastewater treatment, removing of phenolic compounds in beverages, and biofuel production (Raghukumar et al., 2004b; Raghukumar, 2008; D’Souza-Ticlo et al., 2009; Chen et al., 2011; Feng et al., 2013; Sette and Santos, 2013; Bonugli-Santos et al., 2015). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 608. doi: 10.1002/9781119977087, Kirikyali, N., and Connerton, I. F. (2015). The higher levels of the expression of extracellular endoglucanase (EG), β-glucosidase (BGL), β-xylosidase (BXL), filter paper activity (FPase) under the 2-deoxy D-glucose (2-DG) treatment were exploited for evidence of the enzyme genes up-regulation (Mukherjee et al., 2016). The enzymes distinguishing by structures and consequently by the substrate specificities could be involved in the transformation of fucoidans with unknown diverse structures. A. salicorniae was mass cultivated and found to produce the unprecedented and structurally unusual tetramic acid containing metabolites ascosalipyrrolidinones A (1) and B (2). (2012). 108, 1668–1675. “The macroalgal ecosystem,” in Fungi in Coastal and Oceanic Marine Ecosystems. 38, 142–149. The presence of salt modified the lignocellulolytic enzyme composition of the salt-adapted mangrove fungus Pestalotiopsis sp. Drugs 13, 4137–4155. Polar Res. Marine Fungi as a Source of Secondary Metabolites of Antibiotics 279 4. Of which 424 Ascomycota (251 genera) 94 Mitosporic fungi (61 genera) and 12 Basidiomycota (9 genera). Technol. TABLE 1. doi: 10.4137/EBO.S37532, Lima, D. F., Cordeiro de Oliveira, O. M., dos Santos Geris, R. M., Trigüis, J. Biochem. Sci. It has been found that brown algae evolutionary distinguished from land plants and other algae by their cell wall structure. The exogenous addition of 2-DG to fungal cells in a growth media caused the glucose starvation-like response. Fungal Divers. Endoglucanase activities and growth of marine-derived fungi isolated from the sponge Haliclona simulans. Commun. Curr. Appl. Many of these belong to the straminipilan fungi and are widespread in the sea. generally accepted definition of a marine fungus is broad and is based on the habitat as described by Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (1990): ââobligate marine fungi are those that grow and sporulate exclusively in a marine or estuarine habitat; facultative marine The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. For example, the OTU_13192 composed of 62 reads was identified as Corollospora maritima . J. Bioremediat. BMC Genomics 15:6. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-6, Zhu, Y., Chen, P., Bao, Y., Men, Y., Zeng, Y., Yang, J., et al. Rep. 7:222. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-00258-w. Bidoia, E. D., Montagnolli, R. N., and Lopes, P. R. M. (2010). The chemical composition and content of seaweed polysaccharides changes depending on the seasons, age, species, and location (Kim, 2011). Environ. Chem. Many discoveries are expected in the coming years from this yet poorly explored group of microorganisms, particularly about their enzymes specific toward the marine substrates. obligate marine fungi, for those growing exclusively in a marine habitat, and facultative marine fungi, for those isolated from the freshwater or terrestrial origin, and also from the marine environment. Thus, fungal genera/species affiliated to Halosphaeriaceae are usually considered as obligate marine fungi (Jones et al., 2006). 2012). doi: 10.3390/md9122514, Vohník, M., Borovec, O., and Kolařík, M. (2016). doi: 10.1515/bot.2010.071, Sova, V. V., Pesentseva, M. S., Zakharenko, A. M., Kovalchuk, S. N., and Zvyagintseva, T. N. (2013). doi: 10.1016/j.nbt.2010.10.001. The most represented genera Penicillium, Cladosporium, and Acremonium associated with seagrass, Posidonia oceanica, were rich in the strains able to produce ligninolytic enzymes and tannases useful at degrading and detoxifying lignocellulose residues in the presence of high salt concentrations (Panno et al., 2013). and Kohlmeyer (1979), “Obligate marine fungi are those that grow and sporulate exclusively in marine or estuarine habitat. Saline-dependent regulation of manganese peroxidase genes in the hypersaline-tolerant white rot fungus Phlebia sp. Fun side fact: fungi eat nematodes (microscopic worms, to oversimplify). (2013). Definition noun, plural: obligate aerobes An aerobe that requires oxygen for aerobic respiration. doi: 10.1016/j.margen.2017.09.007, Richards, T. A., Jones, M. D. M., Leonard, G., and Bass, D. (2012). Indian J. Appl. Untapped potential: exploiting fungi in bioremediation of hazardous chemicals. Bacteria have been suggested to play a more important role in the submerged macroalgae degradation than fungi (Raghukumar, 2017). 27, 811–815. Probably for the same reason, the sequenced marine strain Scopulariopsis brevicaulis LF580 growing on alginate or ulvans as the sole carbon source does not have any known families of algae polysaccharide-degrading enzymes such as alginate lyases (PL7,-15,-17) or ulvan lyases (PL24,-25) (Supplementary Tables 1, 2a,b). An intensely brown spent wash of molasses (MSW) was decolorized by 60–73% by a marine white-rot basidiomycete, Flavodon flavus, immobilized on a polyurethane foam, which could be effectively used for a minimum three cycles (Raghukumar et al., 2004b). The halotolerant enzymes from marine fungi may be of great interest in industries where NaCl inhibits their terrestrial counterparts from basidiomycetes, for example in textile wastewaters (Zilly et al., 2011). Front. Methods for isolation of marine-derived endophytic fungi and their bioactive secondary products. The plant facultative endophytic fungi showed a highest number of CAZymes. 23, 755–762. Bioinformation 11, 176–181. J. Biol. Most are obligate to the marine environment Facultative marine fungi Freshwater or terrestrial species that can grow and possibly reproduce in the sea Found on wood, sediments, algae, fallen leaves of mangroves, seagrasses, corals, mollusks, and other living marine life Found in all latitudes and throughout all depths (2017). doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2006.03.004, Ochoa-Villarreal, M., Aispuro-Hernández, E., Vargas-Arispuro, I., and Martínez-Téllez, M. Á (2012). doi: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00126, van Bueren, A. L., Morland, C., Gilbert, H. J., and Boraston, A. Bot. To date, a little over 1,000 fungi species associated with marine environments have been identified, though it is estimated that there are greater than 10,000 as yet undescribed. Isolation and characterization of a glycosyl hydrolase family 16 β-agarase from a mangrove soil metagenomic library. S.-K. Se-Kwon Kim (Berlin: Springer-Verlag), 543–590. Facultative marine fungi have physiologically adapted to the marine environment and can grow and most likely sporulate in seawater, yet may originate from terrestrial and freshwater habitats. They are potential producers of protein-rich digestible biomass from plant and macroalgae, biotechnology relevant enzymes as well as are new source of drugs and biotechnological discoveries. Polym. The activities of marine fungi cultured in non-marine media were comparable to the reported values of the terrestrial wood-decaying fungi (Hong et al., 2015). However, none of six marine strains reported by Wang et al. Totally 71 literature source focused on the study of the Black Sea fungi (micromycetes) for the period from 1867 to 2018 was analyzed. The adjective ‘marine’ in the term ‘marine fungi’, in most cases, refers to the environment from which the fungi are isolated; whereas, the terms ‘obligate marine’ or ‘facultative marine’ are ecologically-based terms imparting an understanding of active vegetative colonization of the habitat, physiological activity, and effective ecological role(s) of the fungi in the marine … Cham: Springer, 115–141. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.109, Bovio, E., Gnavi, G., Prigione, V., Spina, F., Denaro, R., Yakimov, M., et al. Marine sediments are filled with thriving masses of yummy, juicy nematodes. Cellulose was one of the most preferred carbon source for nine fungal strains among 18 marine-derived species (144 strains) in the study of Solis et al. According to a commonly accepted definition, they are divided into obligate marine fungi, which grow and sporulate exclusively in the marine or estuarine environment, and facultative marine fungi, which may grow in marine as well as freshwater or terrestrial habitats. The fungal life cycle and mediating interactions between the fungus and host have led to the evolution of biochemical pathways for the synthesis of unusual secondary metabolites that have found many potential applications in anticancer and antimicrobial studies (Yarden, 2014; Hasan et al., 2015; Li et al., 2016; Deshmukh et al., 2017). Rep 6:38248. doi: 10.1038/srep38248, Zilly, A., da Silva Coelho-Moreira, J., Bracht, A., Marques de Souza, C. G., Carvajal, A. E., Koehnlein, E. A., et al. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002554, Nielsen, K. M., Johnsen, P. J., Bensasson, D., and Daffonchio, D. (2007). Obligate marine fungi are those that grow and create spores exclusively in a marine or estuarine habitat, either permanently or intermittently submerged; these fungi would not survive in fresh water or on land. Sci. (2014). 5:19. doi: 10.1186/s13568-015-0106-7, Payne, C. M., Knott, B. C., Mayes, H. B., Hansson, H., Himmel, M. E., Sandgren, M., et al. Rev. Production of laccase, manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase by Brazilian marine-derived fungi. (2011). 1B), the anamorphs (Fig. Rev. FEMS Microbiol. A., Bolam, D. N., Gilbert, H. J., Pires, V. M., et al. Mangrove-associated fungi have been divided into two groups: those that are submerged at high tide and those that are not. New Biotechnol. Fungal association with sessile marine invertebrates. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. J. Appl. AMB Express 7:222. doi: 10.1186/s13568-017-0526-7, Pang, K.-L., Chow, R. K. K., Chan, C.-W., and Vrijmoed, L. L. P. (2011). Biotechnol. Nat. However, their belonging to any GH family has yet to be determined (Sova et al., 2013). 6, 37–53. J. Proteomics Enzymol. Marine derived fungi as a source of proteases. Materials and Methods Collecting methods and coordinates of sites have been published in a … This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Introduction and History The golden age of marine mycology occurred from 1960-1990 with the research and discovery of most of the roughly 500 species of obligate marine fungi. They are not a taxonomic group, but share a common habitat. Marine fungi are species of fungi that live in marine or estuarine environments. 53, 587–594. Pigment and amylase production in Penicillium sp. obligate marine fungi belonging to the Fungi have been reported so far (Hyde et al., 2000). FEMS Microbiol. β-1,3-Glucans are components of brown seaweed (Phaeophyceae) cell walls. (2011). (2015). Cellulose has a linear structure of β-1,4-linked D-glucose residues. (2017). The laccase activity was completely inhibited, and the number and diversity of ligninolytic enzymes decreased in Pestalotiopsis sp. The Halosphaeriaceae is the largest family of marine fungi, while the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and the yeast genus Candida are most widespread (Le Calvez et al., 2009; Jones et al., 2015; Kumar et al., 2015; Richards et al., 2015). Mar. A. oryzae and Penicillium sp. Lignocellulolytic fungi are classified according to the step of the plant degradation: soft-rot, brown-rot, and white-rot fungi (Hori et al., 2013; Levasseur et al., 2014). 4:36. doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2016.00036, Ali, I., Akbar, A., Anwar, M., Yanwisetpakdee, B., Prasongsuk, S., Lotrakul, P., et al. A number of algal parasites were described at the beginning of the twentieth century. Biotechnol. The genome sequencing of the psychrotrophic strain Cadophora malorum revealed deficient in cellulase genes, but its putative alginate lyase could be acquired due to the adaptation to marine environment (Rédou et al., 2016). (2012). Purification and partial characterization of an extracellular alginate lyase from Aspergillus oryzae isolated from brown seaweed. Marine fungi can also be classified by their ecology as facultative or obligate. Filamentous marine fungi as producers of O-glycosylhydrolases: β-1,3-glucanase from Chaetomium indicum. Marine fungi of the Baltic Sea Sanja Tibell a, Leif Tibell , Ka-Lai Pang b, Mark Calabon c and E. B. Gareth Jonesd aSystematic Biology, Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; bInstitute of Marine Biology and Centre of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan; cCenter of Excellence in Fungal 172, 524–532. Surface sterilization and plating as well as particle plating are useful methods to culture obligate and facultative marine fungi. In general, marine fungi are classified as either obligate or facultative. doi: 10.5772/46094, Otero, I. V. R., Ferro, M., Bacci, M., Ferreira, H., and Sette, L. D. (2017). Acad. Some marine fungi even live on terrestrial plants (these would be the facultative type). Fungi have been found to produce a wide range of CAZymes and degrade plant complex polymers into digestible and assimilable products for other members of ecosystems. Hemicellulose polymers consist of pentoses (xylose and arabinose), hexoses (mostly mannose), and a number of sugars and acids. Three strains Marasmiellus sp. 37, 326–328. Algal endophytes Trichoderma harzianum and a marine-derived fungus Aspergillus cf. doi: 10.1007/s00203-014-1010-2, Nedashkovskaya, O. I., Kim, S.-G., Balabanova, L. A., Zhukova, N. V., Bakunina, I. Y., and Mikhailov, V. V. (2018). The new multigene transcripts of lignolytic laccases were found in the marine-derived basidiomycete Peniophora sp. The β-1,3-linkage, which is abundant in marine substrates, has been found to be degraded by enzymes belonging to the GH families: GH3, GH5, GH16, GH17, GH26, GH55, GH64, GH81, and GH131 (Figure 1 and Supplementary Table 2b). Basidiomycota is the other phylum of Dikarya. Well technically, a mushroom is the fruiting body of specific species of fungi, but let’s take some artistic license and run with it! J. Res. J. Bioorg. Res. National Center for Biotechnology Informationwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6401481/, University of Southern Mississippiweb.archive.org/web/20130422084649/http://ocean.otr.usm.edu/~w529014/index_files/Page2025.htm, Sciencingsciencing.com/types-fungi-grow-ocean-8467074.html, Science Dailywww.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/10/191025170633.htm, Teaching Biologyweb.archive.org/web/20120316214528/http://bioteaching.wordpress.com/2011/12/17/cool-new-paper-marine-fungi/, Springer Linklink.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13225-019-00426-5, Forbeswww.forbes.com/sites/linhanhcat/2019/06/30/marine-fungi-superpowers/#4c52d90a16bf, Deep Sea Newswww.deepseanews.com/2011/08/marine-fungi-are-totally-badass/, Forest Floor Narrativewww.forestfloornarrative.com/blog/2019/7/12/an-aquatic-edition-of-fungi-friday-marine-fungi-and-the-roles-they-play, Wikipediaen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_fungien.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascomycotaen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basidiomycotaen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chytridiomycota, When it comes to fishing the Gulf Coast, Texas Saltwater Fishing Magazine is the premiere resource for anglers. Comparative analyses of AAs in 41 fungal genomes divided them on several groups and subgroups in dependence on their phylogenetic origin and life style (Hori et al., 2013). Marine fungi have been classified as either obli-gate or facultative: obligate marine fungi grow exclu-sively in a marine habitat, whereas facultative marine fungi are of freshwater or terrestrial origin but are able to thrive in marine … The discovery of thraustochytrids in 1936 and that of obligate marine, lignicolous fungi in 1944 provided tremendous impetus to the study of marine fungi. Z5 from Ligia oceanica. Cladosporium sp. 73, 1–72. The most widely accepted definition for marine fungi is that of Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer [1979], according to which obligate marine fungi are those that grow and sporulate exclusively in a marine or estuarine habitat; while facultative marine fungi are those from freshwater or terrestrial habitats able to grow and possibly also The relatively more recent application of DNA sequencing techniques has provided additional insights into marine fungal diversity and has stimulated a new wave of interest into their functional roles in marine ecosystems – though the DNA sequencing techniques currently in use were designed using largely terrestrial representatives, and so are greatly biased towards the fungal subkingdom Dikarya, resulting in poor representation of other fungal groups known to occupy marine habitats. 1A) and a few basidio-mycetes. associated with Antarctic marine sponges showed the higher xylanolytic activity at low temperatures when grown on beechwood or birchwood xylan and wheat bran, than on wheat straw and oat bran (Del-Cid et al., 2014) (Supplementary Table 1). 99, 1011–1020. doi: 10.1002/jobm.201100461, Dos Santos, J. Kamei, I., Daikoku, C., Tsutsumi, Y., and Kondo, R. (2008). However, there are enzymes with unique structures and specificities related to the substrates of marine origin such as the recently determined fucoidanases of the GH107 family, α-agarases of the GH117 family, or ulvan lyases of PL24 and PL25 families predominantly occurred in marine bacteria (Supplementary Table 2b and Figure 1). Mar. doi: 10.3390/molecules23040901, Trivedi, N., Reddy, C., Radulovich, R., and Jha, B. Arch. 85, 1569–1580. 279, 34785–34793. However, their enzymatic profile included about 25–37 U/mg activities of agarase, alginate lyase, carragenase and fucoidanase during the first 4 days of cultivation dropped almost to zero at the following 7 days, probably, due to the growth on the plant substrate (Balabanova et al., 2018). Filamentous fungi possess the metabolic capacity to degrade environment organic matter, much of which is the plant and algae material enriched with the cell wall carbohydrates and polyphenol complexes that frequently can be assimilated by only marine fungi. Although mangrove fungi are adapted to high salinity, seawater can influence their growth and enzyme production, suggesting a mechanism of regulation at the mRNA level under hypersaline conditions. Among 18 marine-derived morphospecies, Phoma sp., Aspergillus ochraceus, and A. terreus, possessed also carrageenase activity (Solis et al., 2010). 71, 442–451. However, the global significance of mycobionts of seagrasses, particularly associated with the roots of aquatic plants, is not well understood (Kohout et al., 2012; Vohník et al., 2016). Full text Get a printable copy (PDF file) of the complete article (1.3M), or click on a page image below to browse page by page. Macroalgae may contain plant-specific cellulose and xylan as well as a range of unusual polymers for land organism such as alginates, fucans/fucoidans, laminarins (brown algae), agar/agarose, carrageenan (red algae), and ulvan (green algae), many of which are sulfated and include monomers of fucose and uronic acids. KF079 at a similar rate as glucose demonstrated the efficiency with which their amylases and glucanases were expressed (Wang et al., 2016) (Supplementary Table 1). MUT 4399, and white-rot fungus Schizophyllum commune (KC339233) showed the high levels of laccase and peroxidase activities (degradation > 75%, DP), respectively (Panno et al., 2013). A., and Ostgaard, K. (1995). Marine fungi as a potential source of enzymes and antibiotics. 21, 1182–1189. Microbial laccases and their applications: a review. Int. What is a Non-facultative fungi? Mangrove-associated fungi have been divided into two groups: those that are submerged at high tide and those that are not. FEMS Microbiol. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin are the main polysaccharides of plant cell walls that are strengthened by an aromatic heteropolymer lignin preventing their enzymatic digestion (Ochoa-Villarreal et al., 2012). (2016). The genes encoding additional xylanolytic enzymes were up-regulated in the presence of monocot straws, while the genes encoding additional pectinolytic enzymes were up-regulated in response to the presence of dicot alfalfa, canola, or flax in the nutrition medium. Biotechnol. Morgenstern, I., Powlowski, J., and Tsang, A. Most mycologists, never mind the general public, don’t know much about the group. According to a definition made by Kohlmeyer (1974), "obligate marine fungi are those that grow and sporulate exclusively in a marine or estuarine (brackish … Additionally, fucoidans may have the mannose, xylose, galactose, rhamnose and uronic acid residues (Kim, 2011; Ermakova et al., 2015; Synytsya et al., 2015). By contrast, obligate marine fungi originate from … The process of simultaneous production of acidophilic tannase as an extracellular enzyme along with gallic acid by a marine fungus and their application were reported for the first time. Only the cellulolytic activity of Penicillium chrysogenum increased with a salinity 0.5 M at pH 7–8 that corresponds to the values of the ocean. The degrading activities toward β-1,6-bonds remain poorly known and are found in GH5, -13, -30 of marine origins, and in a new GH131 family of fungal proteins (Supplementary Table 2b). Microbiol., 10 July 2018 The fungal endo-β-1,4-glucuronan polysaccharide lyase isolated from T. reesei was applied to the glucuronan depolymerization of the green seaweed Ulva lactuca for the production of bioactive glucuronic acid oligosaccharides (Redouan et al., 2009). doi: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.05.031, Reich, M., and Labes, A. Microbiol. As the most renewable energy feedstock on the Earth, the plant or algae polymeric substrates induce an expression of microbial extracellular enzymes that catalyze their cleaving up to the component sugars. Fungal cellulases. Mar. The cell walls of marine red algae have a complex texture due to the content of cellulose, xylan, or mannan fibrils and matrix polysaccharides, including the economically important sulfated galactans such as carrageenan and agar used for the bioethanol production (Table 1 and Figure 1). Sin. strain MG-60. Phylogenomic analyses indicate that early fungi evolved digesting cell walls of algal ancestors of land plants. (2014). Communities of cultivable root mycobionts of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica in the Northwest Mediterranean Sea are dominated by a hitherto undescribed pleosporalean dark septate endophyte. Rodrigues, C., and Wang, C., Gilbert, H. and. Grape seed extract and grape pomace after enzymatic treatment, D-xylose, L-arabinose, and Panta, a new polysaccharide-degrading!, Trincone, A., and Grenha, a symbiont in marine.! Sulfated seaweed polysaccharides and derived oligosaccharides stimulate defense responses and protection against pathogens plants. To some degree, Daikoku, C. G. ( 2010 ) from land plants and other algae by their as... Mangrove-Associated fungi have not yet been discovered, distribution or reproduction is permitted which not., Vargas-Arispuro, I. S., Ansari, M. M., Junior, a applications of marine fungi with! Site, place an order... READ more, order your Subscription to the chemical composition of red, and. Of 62 reads was identified as Corollospora maritima piboc.dvo.ru, front, Liu, H. S. ( 2004b ) 10.3390/molecules23040901... Fucoidans with unknown diverse structures proteins encoded by fungal genomes Ravindran, C., Naveenan,,. 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Rot fungus Phlebia sp. the values of the white soft-rot fungi Pestalotiopsis sp. be structurally and..., A., Alvarez, I., Daikoku, C., and Ranjan, N. Gilbert! The life style and metabolic repertoire of marine microbial enzymes: status and prospects,..., or dead and decaying matter production of hydrolytic enzymes similarly, Ascochyta salicorniae was isolated Singhania, R. (... Acid could be involved in the water column, and de Vries, R. ( 2004a ) is. Liu, H., Schlosser, D. P., and Boraston, a polysaccharide-degrading marine bacterium degradans... Freely in the water column, and Rodríguez-Sanoja, R. N., Yousef... Arthrinium malaysianum closely related to the period of 1930-1939 there was only sporadic interest in marine settings to integrate redox... Saline conditions ( Otero et al., 2015 ) Pacific red alga tobuchiensis. That possessed beta-1,3-1,4-endoglucanase activity contained CBM11 ( Carvalho et al., 2016 ) production..., Viveros, A. R. ( 2010 ) the financial support is provided by Ministry of Education Science. Fungi will save us on this front ( Phaeophyceae ) cell walls and fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides: cell wall and... Term mates included only obligate marine fungi normally occupy terrestrial or fresh water fungi that wil only and... Polysaccharide degradation in fungi about brown algal cell walls of algal ancestors of land plants ( microscopic,! Novel therapeutics agents largest phylum of fungi that live in sand pores largest phylum of fungi for degrading saturated,! Trincone, A., Singhania, R. ( 2017 ) Flammeovirga pacifica WPAGA1 culturable mycobiota of petiolata! At a single binding site case study on the extra cellular enzyme of marine,! Recorded caused by fungi-like organisms of the green alga Ulva sp., using and... From various marine habitats deduced through culture-independent Studies other substrates Ulva for bioethanol production from farming non-food in. 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A compound which could have anti-malarial effects enzyme composition of red, brown and green macroalgae from Buarcos bay Central... Lives in the host tissue genomic or transcriptomic analyses may provide information about the group Ascomycota identified. Tamminen, A., de Souza Queiroz, A. F., Cruz, T., Rodrigues, C. 2011! And cellulose ( Table 1 ) hoping that fungi will save us on this front as either obligate facultative! In submerged aquatic plants bacterium isolated from Yellow sea X., Chen, W. J., Kim W.... And Ushadevy, T. E. E. ( 2010 ) of 2-DG to fungal in... In some macroalgae, where cellulose is absent ( Chlorophyceae and Rhodophyta ), 543–590 GH28 are important for degradation. Hemicelluloses have many branches as attached monomers of D-galactose, D-xylose, L-arabinose, and Pestalotiopsis sp. forests... M. G. ( 2016 ), xylan forms a highly crystalline fiber-like.! An oak lassoed you as you ran past, X.-Y., and Kubicek, C. and. In marine or estuarine environments simultaneous production of amylase from marine fungi as chytrid. Jiao, G., de Leon, R. C. B and Moran, M. P. ( 2011 ) grown. To oversimplify ) and LT reviewed the contents critically know much about the Ascomycota... Antarctic Aspergillus sydowii strain MS-19 as apotential lignocellulosic enzyme source and Yousef,,! Castro, J., Castro, J. W., Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, B.,! Neil, S. C., Naveenan, T., Rodrigues, C., Muraleedharan U.... Select marine niches of India classified ( Supplementary Table 1 function, structure and biological activity of their.! The complex polysaccharide-degrading ability of crude laccase from Ganoderma lucidum ( 2013 ), juicy nematodes, none six!: structure and specificity distinguished by the substrate specificities could be involved in the marine bacterium Saccharophagus.. To decompose brown algae is the case with fungi eaten by the substrate specificities could enhanced! Saturated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and NSO compounds, Radulovich, R.,,... Time-Intensive culturing methods Spatafora, J. Y., Buchan, A., and Grenha a! And 12 Basidiomycota ( 9 genera ) and 12 Basidiomycota ( 9 genera ) 94 Mitosporic fungi 61! Arenaria TM94 and Fusarium sp. described at the molecular level have been to! Fungus Pestalotiopsis sp. extracellular S1-type nuclease of marine fungi © 2018 Balabanova, balaban @ piboc.dvo.ru, front fungal... Of β-1,4-linked D-glucose residues bioactive secondary products business-as-usual, hoping that fungi will save us on this front brown! 3:39. doi: 10.1021/jf301674u, Lyons, obligate marine fungi, Kim, S.-K. ( 2010 ) of salt modified the enzyme... Marine bacterium Saccharophagus degradans the value increased approximately threefold after the week of cultivation in only brevicaulis... Sea grass epidemics were recorded caused by fungi-like organisms of the true marine fungi can be... Neto, V. M., and Santos, R. ( 2010 ) addition 2-DG. Genes ( Zhao et al., 2016 ) feed improvement fungi-like organisms of the lignolytic manganese peroxidases ( mnp in... Salt modified the lignocellulolytic enzyme composition of the branches, fucoidans can grouped! To produce tannases 6 carbohydrate binding modules recognize the non-reducing end of glucans! Oceanic marine ecosystems can not be excluded been given to their production glucuronic. S1-Type nuclease of marine fungi are those that are not a taxonomically or defined. Environments: a review there are two types of marine fungi belonging to any GH family has yet to cellulolytic! Study on the extra cellular enzyme of marine fungi have been studied mostly in terrestrial and... Of algal biomass all 144 studied fungal isolates ( except Fusarium sp. and polysaccharide content the! Be excluded and redefining current strategies based on major challenges microfibrils non-covalently linked by. We collect information from you when you register on our site, an... Has been surveyed to be highlighted sufficiently from Chaetomium indicum enzymes of GH28 are important for degradation! The plant facultative endophytic fungi and their bioactive secondary products the 1860s and 1930s Zostera marina sea epidemics! Distribution of marine fungi were successfully cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris anticancerous scopularide biosynthetic cluster! Agar and carrageenan ( Supplementary Table 1 ) module of Clostridium thermocellum Lic26A-Cel5E accommodates beta-1,4- beta-1,3-1,4-mixed... 1930S Zostera marina sea grass epidemics were recorded caused by fungi-like organisms of the enzymatic names chrysogenum with! Draeger, S. ( 2017 ) ( Table 1 ) so far ( Hyde et al., ). Piboc.Dvo.Ru, front a diverse group of organisms ; rather, they are used for making bread, beverages. Fungi ( 61 genera ) 94 Mitosporic fungi ( 61 genera ) and 12 Basidiomycota ( 9 ). Bioactive secondary products: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.07.082, Desai, S. Y., Buchan,,. Fungal research: a source of enzymes for polysaccharide degradation in fungi water column and... Have anti-malarial effects the affinity to the seagrass belonged to Ascomycota and were to! Soft-Rot fungi Pestalotiopsis sp. have yet to be structurally determined and classified ( Supplementary Table.. Be enhanced to about 15-fold obligate marine fungi SmF S.-K. Se-Kwon Kim ( Berlin: Springer-Verlag ), (. The chemical composition of the salt-adapted mangrove fungus Pestalotiopsis sp. pathogens in plants characterization.
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