(2007), however, in recovering moderate support for monophyly of the Sepia pharaonis complex, including a previously unsampled species (S. ramani), and in clarifying relationships among these five clades. Pharaoh Cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis) is also known as the Large Striped Cuttlefish and Seiche Pharaon. Search results from the FishSource database for all stocks and fisheries for this species are available after dismissing this dialog. in 80–100% EtOH as part of an earlier study (Anderson et al., 2007). Ïία, sÄpía, cuttlefish. Watch these pharaoh cuttlefish change their appearance and behavior to mimic hermit crabs. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Malacological Society of London, all rights reserved, Assessing the systematics of Tylodinidae in the Mediterranean Sea and Eastern Atlantic Ocean: resurrecting, Environmental correlates of distribution across spatial scales in the intertidal gastropods, Feeding and digestion periodicity of Manila clam, Ontogenesis of the digestive gland through the planktotrophic stages of, High cryptic diversity in the kleptoparasitic genus, About the Malacological Society of London, http://evolve.zoo.ox.ac.uk/software/Se-Al, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, HM164519, HM164524, HM164525, HM164527, HM164536, HM164489, HM164491, HM164492, HM164532, HM164533, Copyright © 2020 The Malacological Society of London. Length - 33cm Mating behavior: Males perform various displays to attract potential females for copulation. For each dataset or partition, models were evaluated by using all sites or only variable sites as estimates of sample size (Posada & Buckley, 2004). This finding was foreshadowed by Reid et al. Substitution model abbreviations are as follows: GGI = GTR = G = I, HG = HKY85 = G, HI = HKY85 = I, K = K2P, KG = K2P = G; see Anderson & Swofford (2004) for more information on model abbreviations and original citations for each model. We suggest that ‘S. The pharaoh cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831 (Sepiidae) is a broadly distributed neritic demersal cephalopod species found from East Africa to southern Japan. Reid et al. Scientific name Scientific name (unprocessed) Subspecies Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Scientific name (unprocessed) Subspecies Species Genus ⦠All of these sequences appear to be protein-coding sequences rather than pseudogenes; translation into amino acids using the flatworm mitochondrial genetic code (COI sequences) or the universal genetic code (rhodopsin sequences) in MacClade v. 4.08 (Maddison & Maddison, 2005) revealed no premature stop codons. The three-gene phylogeny is shown in Figure 3. In this study, we build upon Anderson et al. Attempts to untangle this putative species complex using molecular genetic data have been limited to a study by Anderson et al. Not Reef Tank Suitable. Furthermore, phylogeographic studies of Indian Ocean marine fauna encompass taxa of differing ages, which may have been impacted by different vicariant events or paleooceanographic phenomena (Page, 1990, 1991). Abbreviation: ∼, approximate values denoting collections from several sites in close proximity to one another. In contrast, ‘N Gulf of Oman 5’ (the specimen placed in the western Indian Ocean clade in the rhodopsin-only phylogeny) was recovered as a member of the Iranian clade in the three-gene phylogeny. Determining the effects of stocking density and temperature on growth and food consumption in the pharaoh cuttlefish, The rhodopsin gene of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis: sequence and spectral tuning, When trees grow too long: investigating the causes of highly inaccurate Bayesian branch-length estimates, Contrasting demographic history and phylogeographical patterns in two Indo-Pacific gastropods, Developing model systems for molecular biogeography: vicariance and interchange in marine invertebrates, Molecular ecology and evolution: approaches and applications, Toward an integrative historical biogeography, The Pleistocene equatorial barrier between the Indian and Pacific oceans and a likely cause for Wallace's Line, UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, no. Élâfish] (invertebrate zoology) An Old World decapod mollusk of the genus Sepia; shells are used to manufacture dentifrices and cosmetics. There is generally little evidence of migration of cuttlefish between geographic regions in our data. Neethiselvan (2001) noted that S. ramani is difficult to distinguish from S. pharaonis, although he listed some characters that allow the two species to be identified: S. ramani has 5–6 enlarged club suckers, with 3–4 greatly enlarged, whereas S. pharaonis has 15–24 enlarged suckers, all of approximately equal size; and there are 14–16 transverse rows of normal suckers on the hectocotylus of S. ramani, but only 10–12 such rows in S. pharaonis. FYI: Shown here only for identification only. Sepia ramani could be a close relative of the S. pharaonis complex, it could be a genetically distinct subclade (or species) within that complex or it could represent aberrant specimens of S. pharaonis. Furthermore, within the Indian Ocean, archipelagos with extensive reef systems such as Seychelles, Mauritius and the Maldives also seem to have been sampled more frequently than the continental shelves of south Asia and northeastern Africa. Collection locality and GenBank accession data for all specimens of Sepia pharaonis complex. Login on the desktop to upload your own pictures! Males are larger than females, the maximum recorded size for males is 80 cm and. Volume 1. Partition abbreviations are as follows: C, COI; R, rhodopsin; C1, COI position 1; C2, COI position 2; C3, COI position 3; R12, rhodopsin position 1 + position 2; R3, rhodopsin position 3. File:Partes de la sepia.ogv. Search for other works by this author on: Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Regional Centre, Bidia, Central Research Centre of CMFRI (Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute), South Beach Road, Tuticorin 628001, Tamil Nadu, Andaman Sea Fisheries Research and Development Center, 77 Tumbon Vichit, Maung District, Phuket 83000, Department of Marine and Coastal Resources, 92 Paholyothin 7, Bangkok 10400, Assessment and Monitoring, Fisheries Policy and Sustainability, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, GPO Box 46, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Microsatellite analysis of genetic diversity in the squid Illex argentinus during a period of intensive fishing, Restricted gene flow and evolutionary divergence between geographically separated populations of the Antarctic octopus Pareledone turqueti, Should we be worried about long-branch attraction in real data sets? Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods), Phylogenetic relationships among major species of Japanese coleoid cephalopods (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) using three mitochondrial DNA sequences, Exploited marine invertebrates: genetics and fisheries, Morphology and late quaternary sedimentation in the Gulf of Oman Basin, Patterns of speciation and dispersal along continental coastlines and island arcs in the Indo-West Pacific turbinid gastropod genus, The marine Indo-West Pacific break: contrasting the resolving power of mitochondrial and nuclear genes, Phylogeny of selected Sepiidae (Mollusca, Cephalopoda) on 12S, 16S, and COI sequences, with comments on the taxonomic reliability of several morphological characters, © The Author 2010. Ïία, sÄpía, cuttlefish. ramani’ weakly supported as sister to this clade), an Iranian clade (northeastern Persian Gulf and northern Gulf of Oman), a western Pacific clade and a broadly distributed central Indian Ocean clade (west and east coasts of India and the Andaman Sea coast of Thailand). We have also added sequence data from two specimens of Sepia ramaniNeethiselvan, 2001, collected in southeastern India. By comparison, the rhodopsin data showed very low levels of variation. Sepia ramani is a member of the S. pharaonis species complex, though one of our S. ramani samples may represent an additional, previously unsampled subclade within the complex. In analyses of the partitioned datasets, all model parameters except topology and branch lengths were unlinked across partitions. The focus on species or species groups that span the boundary between the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean (the ‘marine Wallace's Line’; Barber et al., 2000) is understandable, given the importance of this region in both marine and continental biogeography, but it does not provide much insight into Indian Ocean phylogeography. The rhodopsin phylogeny was poorly resolved due to the low level of variation found in this gene region among the focal taxa (tree not shown), but a monophyletic S. pharaonis comprising two subclades was recovered – one weakly supported subclade [BPP = 0.903, maximum parsimony bootstrap support (MPBS) = 53%] included all specimens collected in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden plus one specimen (‘N Gulf of Oman 5’) collected from the Iranian coast of the Gulf of Oman, and a strongly supported subclade (BPP = 0.990, MPBS = 93%) comprising all other S. pharaonis and S. ramani individuals. Due to the size and composition of the dataset, analyses of each MP bootstrap pseudoreplicate resulted in thousands of equally parsimonious trees. Partitioning by gene and codon resulted in four data partitions for the combined mtDNA dataset (a 16S rRNA partition and a partition for each COI codon position) and six for the three-gene dataset (16S rRNA, COI positions 1, 2 and 3, rhodopsin positions 1 + 2 and rhodopsin position 3; rhodopsin first and second codon positions were pooled due to low levels of variation). Tweet; Description: This is the moment of the hatching of a Pharaoh Cuttlefish. The latter finding suggests that the mtDNA and rhodopsin sequences for N Gulf of Oman 5 are in conflict, and that phylogenetic signal from the mtDNA overwhelmed the signal from the rhodopsin data for this specimen in the combined analyses. However when in danger, the cuttlefish sucks water into their body cavity and expels it through a funnel like extension on the underside of the body, causing a backward propulsion enabling the cuttlefish to escape from predators. Maximum parsimony (MP) bootstrap and Bayesian analyses were performed for each dataset in PAUP* v. 4.0b11 (Swofford, 2002) and MrBayes v. 3.1.1 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck, 2003). ; N, Nishiguchi, Lopez & Von Boetzky, 2004; S, Strugnell et al., 2005; T, Takumiya et al., 2005; Y ,Yoshida, Tsuneki & Furuya, 2006; Zheng, X.D., Wang, R.C., Xiao, S. and Chen, B. Pharaoh Cuttlefish We just learned about the Humboldt Squid. Relationships among these clades are somewhat poorly resolved, although there is some support for a clade comprising the Iranian clade, the western Pacific clade and the central Indian Ocean clade (BPP = 0.74, MPBS = 94%). Our central Indian Ocean subclade may be Norman's S. pharaonis III, although we found that S. pharaonis individuals collected along the west coast of India from as far north and west as Veraval are also members of this clade (i.e. *Rerun for 50 million generations. This subclade is sister to a clade comprising all other subclades in the complex (including S. ramani; Fig. Both specimens of S. ramani are members of the S. pharaonis complex, but their mtDNA haplotypes are not closely related – one is a member of the central Indian Ocean clade, while the other is rather distantly related to the northeastern Australia clade. Sepia ramani is a neritic demersal southeastern Indian species that is morphologically very similar to S. pharaonis, and there has been some controversy regarding the status of S. ramani as a distinct species. The combined mtDNA phylogeny is shown in Figure 2. N Gulf of Oman 3* grouped strongly with the western Indian Ocean subclade on all phylogenies, while N Gulf of Oman 5 grouped with the Iranian subclade (as expected) in the mtDNA and three-gene phylogenies (Figs 2, 3), but with the western Indian Ocean subclade on the rhodopsin phylogeny. To our knowledge, no fossil cuttlebones attributable to S. pharaonis have been found. Ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh_cuttlefish, Length: 33cm Depth: 0-130m Found: Mediterranean, Indo-West Pacific Eats: crustaceans, fish Family: Cuttlefishes Scientific Family: Sepiidae. Our results show that Sepia ‘pharaonis’ is a complex of at least five subclades (and perhaps six, depending on the status of S. ramani). Genus: Sepia . By contrast, the other S. ramani specimen collected from the same area (S. ramani 22) is genetically distinct from all other specimens collected from Indian waters. The pharaoh cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis) is a large cuttlefish species that may exceed 40 cm in mantle length and 5 kg in weight. 5 kg, and for females 50 cm and 2 kg in ⦠The 68 taxa three-gene analysis was only run under the gene and codon partitioning scheme, and included the full set of taxa used in the combined mtDNA analyses. The prey is then pulled toward the animal's strong beak and crushed before consuming. Comparisons with other studies are somewhat compromised by the fact that although numerous phylogeographic studies of Indian Ocean species have been published, the Malay Archipelago, South Africa and Australia have received substantially more attention than the northern Indian Ocean (i.e. Sign in Sign up for FREE Prices and download plans Our only specimens from the Persian Gulf are members of the Iranian subclade, but we do not know if members of the western Indian Ocean subclade are also found in the Persian Gulf, so we cannot discern whether the boundary between these two subclades is in the Gulf of Oman or the Persian Gulf (or both). An outer shell once covered the cuttlefish's ⦠We thank Alonso Córdoba, Stephanie Clutts, Mike Venarsky and Adria Pilsits for assistance with DNA extraction, PCR and sequencing and Associate Editor Suzanne Williams and two anonymous reviewers for their very helpful comments and suggestions. Cuttlefish, Octopus & Squid. It was expertly cleaned in Vietnam, so it is all ready to use in recipes without further work, except to dismantle and cut as needed for your recipe. Data were collected from aquacultured animals using egg masses sampled from around the island and hatched in aquaria during 2010, 2011, ⦠Parts of a sepia. While mating, S. pharaonis s. s. males show zebra lines on the third arm pair, while S. pharaonis II males have broken lines and S. pharaonis III males have spots (Norman, 2000). Anderson et al. The average longevity of the species is between 1-2 years. DNA extraction, PCR product purification, automated DNA sequencing and sequence editing were as described in Anderson et al. Fifty per cent majority-rule consensus Bayesian phylogram (branch lengths equal to the estimated number of substitutions per site averaged across all postburn-in trees) for the combined COI + 16S rRNA dataset, depicting the position of Sepia pharaonis haplotypes within Sepiidae and rooted with sequences from two sepiolid taxa. Later, when the researchers were conducting more experiments on cuttlefish hunting, the behavior appeared again. Another type of cephalopod is the Pharaoh Cuttlefish. Cuttlefishes. Finally, Norman's S. pharaonis II appears to comprise at least two genetically distinct groups: our western Pacific subclade (comprising samples from Taiwan and the Gulf of Thailand) and our northeastern Australia subclade. Ïία, sÄpía, cuttlefish. Furthermore, the cuttlebone of S. pharaonis has a distinctive cuplike extension covering the striated zone of the posterior inner cone (Khromov et al., 1998; Norman, 2000), which may allow fossil members of the S. pharaonis complex to be identified. DNA markers indicate that distinct spawning cohorts and aggregations of Patagonian squid, Subtle population structuring within a highly vagile marine invertebrate, the veined squid, Widely distributed Pacific plate endemics and lowered sea-level, Molecular phylogeny of coleoid cephalopods (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) using a multigene approach; the effect of data partitioning on resolving phylogenies in a Bayesian framework, PAUP*. Pharaoh cuttlefish are cephalopods related to cuttlefish, squid, octopus and chambered nautilus. Differences in phylogeographic patterns across studies of Indo-Pacific neritic taxa are not surprising, given the substantial differences in life history, ecology and behaviour among these taxa. One S. pharaonis specimen was collected in the Arabian Sea, but was found to be a member of the western Indian Ocean clade, suggesting that gene flow between these regions has either occurred recently or is ongoing. The pharaoh cuttlefish is a large cuttlefish species, growing to 42 cm in mantle length and 5 kg in weight. Alignment of the COI and rhodopsin sequences was performed by eye in Se-Al v. 2.0a11 (Rambaut, 2002). Rhodopsin sequences for E. scolopes, M. tullbergi and S. officinalis are from different individuals than the mitochondrial sequences. In short, two of our subclades correspond well to the forms described by Norman (2000), but we found that his S. pharaonis II represents at least two genetically distinct groups, and we have also found evidence for a distinct Iranian subclade. In addition, S. pharaonis s. s. spawns between August and October, while S. pharaonis II (in Hong Kong) spawns from March through May and S. pharaonis in India spawns all year round (Norman, 2000). A total of 141 out of 684 sites for COI were variable and 109 of these were parsimony-informative within Sepia pharaonis. Upon topological convergence, the first 25% of trees from each run were removed as burn-in. Only 16S rRNA sequences are available from the two specimens of S. pharaonis from Taiwan. found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions. Species: S. pharaonis. Depth - 0-130m This study expands on the results of Anderson et al. genetically, the range of this form extends north and west of the Maldives along the Indian coast). Though less work has been done on western Indian Ocean marine populations, some studies have found evidence of a phylogeographic break between the eastern and western Indian Ocean (Ridgway & Sampayo, 2005). One group of closely related individuals (the central Indian Ocean subclade) is distributed across the central Indian Ocean along the east and west coasts of India and the Andaman Sea coast of Thailand; in contrast, another group seems to be restricted to the Persian Gulf and northern Gulf of Oman (the Iranian subclade). For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. only one substitution model was used), partitioning by gene, or partitioning by gene and codon position. Sepia pharaonis is a commercially harvested species, and it is a significant component of cephalopod fisheries throughout its range (Nesis, 1987; Reid, Jereb & Roper, 2005). All hope is not lost, however, because sepiids possess a calcified structure that would seemingly be amenable to fossilization – the cuttlebone. Video by Japan Ethological Society & Springer Japan. When this value reached 0.01, the runs were terminated. Sperm ⦠In light of this, we believe that specimens from the type localities would probably be members of our western Indian Ocean subclade. At present, we have no divergence time information for clades within the S. pharaonis complex. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Our analyses suggest that S. ramani is part of the S. pharaonis species complex, but that S. ramani 22 may represent a distinct subclade within the complex. Given that there are over 100 described species within Sepiidae (Khromov et al., 1998; Lu, 1998), our inference of monophyly for the S. pharaonis complex must be considered provisional pending sampling of additional sepiid species. Also known as Cephalopod, Large Striped Cuttlefish, Leave a comment tullbergi clade as sister to a monophyletic S. pharaonis complex (an S. pharaonis sequence from GenBank is distantly related to the S. pharaonis sampled in our study, suggesting that the GenBank specimen was misidentified; this sequence was excluded from the three-gene dataset prior to analysis). However, currents might facilitate rare dispersal events across the Gulf of Oman at certain times of the year. Colour changes to match surroundings. To clarify these relationships, we have sequenced an additional mitochondrial gene region (cytochrome oxidase subunit I) and a nuclear gene region (rhodopsin) from over 50 specimens from throughout the range of S. pharaonis. Adcock et al., 1999; Shaw, Pierce & Boyle, 1999; Kassahn et al., 2003; Shaw et al., 2004; Perez-Losada et al., 2007). Population genetic status of the western Indian Ocean: what do we know? (2005), who noted that hectocotylus morphology differs between S. pharaonis specimens from Japan (presumably members of our western Pacific subclade, though it is possible that Japan is home to yet another S. pharaonis subclade) and Australia. Sepia (genus) - WikiMili, The Free Encycloped Neethiselvan (2001) also noted that some morphometric characters (cuttlebone width, inner cone length and tentacular club length) could be useful for distinguishing between the species, but there is some overlap between the two species in all of these characters. When raised in the laboratory, the maximum recorded size for males is 16.2 cm, and for females 15.5 cm. The Bayesian consensus phylogram does not clearly support monophyly of the S. pharaonis complex; sequences from Metasepia tullbergi and S. lycidas are part of a polytomy that includes all S. pharaonis specimens sampled in this study, although one resolution of this polytomy would have the S. lycidas/M. A topological similarity criterion (the average standard deviation in partition frequency values across independent runs) was used to automatically assess convergence of the runs. Like all cuttlefish, they are incredibly intelligent and Pharaoh Cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis) - Marine Life - Liveaboard Diving Tissue samples were collected from Sepia pharaonis individuals from throughout the range of the species (Table 1, Fig. The strong morphological similarities suggest a close relationship between S. pharaonis and S. ramani, but the nature of this relationship is unknown. Sequences for S. madokai have been removed from GenBank subsequent to the completion of the analyses described in this paper. Sometimes the boys of these cephalopods will fight each other over a girl they like, but they won't touch each other, they just flash different patterns of colors. Finally, it must be noted that representatives of only 14 sepiid species were used as outgroups in this study. Also included in this clade are the lesser-known cuttlefish (Sepioidea), the Ram's Horn Squid, which has an internal coiled shell and floats head down in the water, and an enigmatic deep water genus called the "vampire squid" (Vampyromorpha). Support values associated with branches are as described for Figure 2. pharaonis’ may consist of several species, but morphological work is needed to clarify species-level taxonomy within this complex. For the protein-coding gene datasets, the data were either not partitioned or partitioned by codon position (with a separate substitution model for each codon position and model parameters estimated separately for each partition). We generated a total of 46 COI sequences and 43 rhodopsin sequences (Table 1). These likelihood scores were used to select a best-fitting substitution model using ‘MrDT-ModSel’, a modification of DT-ModSel (Minin et al., 2003) developed by F.E.A. In contrast to analyses of the combined mtDNA data alone, the three-gene dataset gives some support for monophyly of the S. pharaonis complex (BPP = 0.70, MPBS = 81%) and a close relationship among the Iranian clade, the western Pacific clade and the central Indian Ocean clade (BPP = 0.96, MPBS = 93%). Only nodes with BPP > 0.90 and/or MPBS > 70% have values associated with them, and support values within geographically delimited clades are not shown. Furthermore, the semelparous annual life cycle of many cephalopods (probably including S. pharaonis; Gabr et al., 1998, but see Aoyama & Nguyen, 1989) makes their stocks highly vulnerable to overexploitation (Thorpe et al., 2000). Investigations using metazoan 18S rDNA, Stock assessment of cuttlefish off the coast of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, Journal of Shimonoseki University of Fisheries. Also known as the Cephalopod. Relationships among these clades remain somewhat poorly supported except for a clade comprising the Iranian clade, the western Pacific clade and the central Indian Ocean clade. Ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh_cuttlefish. They are also able to shoot a cloud of black ink at predators when threatened. They feed on crustaceans and small fish. This research was supported by NSF Grant DEB-0235794 to F.E.A. Males can only produce once and the females die shortly after laying their eggs. The pharaoh cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831 (Sepiidae) is a broadly distributed neritic demersal cephalopod species found from East Africa to southern Japan. This investigation of S. pharaonis phylogeography may shed some light on biogeographic patterns of neritic animals in the Indian Ocean and western Pacific. Human food fish. Sepia ramani is a species that is morphologically very similar to S. pharaonis, and there is some question regarding its status as a distinct species. (2005) noted that S. pharaonis is the most common species of cuttlefish caught in the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Oman, the Andaman Sea, the Gulf of Thailand, the Philippines and along the southern coast of China, and Nesis (1987) wrote that “[Sepia pharaonis] is the most important object of the cuttlefish fishery in the northern part of the Indian Ocean and southeastern Asia”. N Gulf of Oman 5, whose mtDNA haplotype is Iranian but whose rhodopsin sequence appears to be from the western Indian Ocean). Codes in parentheses refer to original studies (B, Bellingham, Morris & Hunt, 1998; Murphy, J.M., Hernandez, M.N., Pereles-Raya, C. and Balguerias, E. Sepia pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831 Pharaoh Cuttlefish. Likelihoods of the data for each partition were calculated using PAUP* under all standard nucleotide substitution models available in MrBayes v. 3.1.1. (2007) noted, the type localities of S. pharaonis are both in the Red Sea (near El-Tor in the Sinai in the northern Red Sea and near Massawa in Eritrea along the west coast of the Red Sea). Cuttlefish gather in their hundreds of thousands to spawn. 1) and shipped to the first author (F.E.A.) It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. They feed by catching their prey by two powerful tentacles which shoot out from beneath the creatures eyes. As shown by Anderson et al. Though we did not obtain samples from the type localities, we did obtain samples from the Yemeni Red Sea coast (340 km east of Massawa) and found that these specimens were members of our western Indian Ocean subclade. Copyright © 2020 Sepia pharaonis has also been proposed as a promising species for mariculture due to its high spawning success, rapid rate of growth, disease resistance and tolerance of crowding and handling (Minton et al., 2002; Barord, Keister & Lee, 2010). Sepia pharaonis. Pharaoh Cuttlefish - New hatchling. (2007), five strongly supported geographically delimited clades are evident on both the mtDNA and three-gene phylogenies. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms, 6E, Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. unpubl. It is possible that Pleistocene glaciations also played a role in the divergence between the central Indian Ocean and western Pacific clades of S. pharaonis, though the current lack of divergence time information for the S. pharaonis complex limits our ability to test hypotheses of causality. There appear to be consistent reproductive differences among these three forms. (2007). The cuttlefish's flat body allows it to live and hover near the ocean bottom where it finds its favorite food. Though molecular genetic data are scarce for many invertebrate fisheries in part due to the small, local scale of many such fisheries (Thorpe, Sole-Cava & Watts, 2000), several cephalopods are targets of large-scale fisheries, and population genetic studies have been published for a number of these (e.g. Despite this bias, there are several phylogeographic studies whose focal taxa are found in many of the same regions where S. pharaonis is found, and comparisons with these studies may be fruitful. Cuttlefish possess the ability to swim in different manners, usually gently rippling their side fins. During the southwestern (summer) monsoon, the Ras Al Hadd jet (a continuation of the Somali and Oman Coastal Currents that flows eastward from the eastern tip of Oman; Schott & McCreary, 2001) and the cyclonic eddy it produces in the Gulf of Oman could promote occasional dispersal of S. pharaonis juveniles across the Gulf. However, the main spawning season for S. pharaonis in this region is November and December, between the monsoons (Reid et al., 2005) and after the Ras Al Hadd jet has weakened. Sepia pharaonis is a neritic demersal species so direct dispersal across the Gulf of Oman seems unlikely. The initial tree topology does not seem to influence model selection, as long as the tree used is not a random topology (Posada & Crandall, 2001); neighbour joining was used only because it is a fast method to generate a ‘better-than-random’ tree. (1997) found that a distance of only 30 km of deep ocean severely limits larval dispersal in Pareledone turqueti (Joubin 1905), an Antarctic octopus. Contents. The Pharaoh cuttlefish ranks high among the fish export list from Oman. The western Indian Ocean subclade appears to be sister to all of the other subclades (Fig. [Pharaoh Cuttlefish; Sepia pharaonis] The photo specimen to the the left was the same type of Cuttlefish pictured in the previous paragraph, but viewed from the bottom. For the three-gene dataset, GenBank data for COI, 16S rRNA and rhodopsin were only available for three outgroup species (two sepiids – Sepia officinalis and Metasepia tullbergi – and one sepiolid, Euprymna scolopes), so two analyses were performed – one in which only these three taxa were used as outgroups and one in which all sepiid and sepiolid taxa used in the combined mtDNA data analyses were used as outgroups. Numbers above branches are clade posterior probability (BPP) estimates; numbers below branches are MPBS values. The phylogeny reveals five strongly supported subclades within S. pharaonis: a western Indian Ocean clade (Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and the northeast coast of Oman), a northeastern Australia clade (with a representative of ‘S. 's (2007) dataset by (1) adding another mitochondrial gene region and a nuclear gene region in an effort to clarify relationships among subclades of S. pharaonis and test monophyly of the S. pharaonis complex, and (2) by expanding the taxon sample to include specimens of S. ramani. The best (lowest) AICc and BIC scores are in bold text. In this case, our samples seem to have come from at or near a boundary between two subclades, and we are detecting either migrants or individuals resulting from crosses or backcrosses between members of these two subclades (e.g. They have eight short arms and two long tentacles that are usually tucked neatly into their arms. Several phylogenetic analyses were performed for the COI and rhodopsin data individually and for three combinations of data – one consisting of the combined mtDNA data only (i.e. These calculations required estimation of model likelihoods. Phylogenies recovered in analyses of the COI and rhodopsin datasets were generally topologically concordant with one another and with phylogenies recovered from the combined analyses, so only the results of the analyses of the two dataset combinations (mtDNA and all three genes) will be discussed in detail and shown here. Not Suitable for Fish-Only Tank. Login on the desktop to upload your own pictures! Cephalopod researcher Dr. James Wood sums it up well; âOctopuses, squids, cuttlefish and the chambered nautilus belong to class Cephalopoda, which means âhead footâ. (2007) found that S. pharaonis comprises five distinct clades: a western Indian Ocean clade (Gulf of Aden and Red Sea), a northeastern Australia clade, an Iranian clade (northern Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf), a central Indian Ocean clade (India and the Andaman Sea coast of Thailand) and a western Pacific clade. Map showing the type localities for Sepia pharaonis (*) and sampling localities, modified from Anderson et al. Allcock et al. Norman (2000) suggested that S. pharaonis comprises three forms: S. pharaonis (s. s.) (found in the western Indian Ocean from the Red Sea to the Persian Gulf; the eastern limit is unknown); S. ‘pharaonis II’ (Japan to the Gulf of Thailand, Philippines and north Australia) and S. ‘pharaonis III’ (Maldives to Andaman Sea coast of Thailand). COI and rhodopsin sequences obtained in this study were combined with all available sepiid 16S rRNA, COI and rhodopsin sequences in GenBank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) as of 17 February 2009. The western Indian Ocean clade revealed by Anderson et al. Welcome to FishSource, an online information resource about the status of fish stocks and fisheries. From FishBase, you are looking for information on human uses of the species 'Sepia pharaonis'. Surprisingly, it does not group with the central Indian S. pharaonis subclade; it groups with the northeastern Australia subclade, although it is quite distinct even from the latter subclade. One specimen that we sequenced (S. ramani 23) is a member of the central Indian Ocean subclade of S. pharaonis (Figs 2, 3). a single substitution model was used for the dataset). The number of parameters, run length (‘length’) in millions of generations, best-fitting models, and AICc and BIC values for different partitioning schemes for the combined mtDNA (16S rRNA + COI) and three-gene (16S rRNA + COI + rhodopsin) datasets. The Gulf of Oman ranges from 60 km (at the Strait of Hormuz) to 370 km wide (from Ras Al Hadd, Oman to Gwadar Bay, Pakistan) and the Gulf of Oman basin is about 3,400 m deep (Uchupi, Swift & Ross, 2002). 3), and members of the western Indian Ocean subclade bear distinctly different rhodopsin sequences than nearly all other S. pharaonis sampled in our study. Recovery of cuttlebones attributable to the S. pharaonis complex might allow estimation of the age of the complex and divergence times within the complex, allowing phylogeographic comparisons of S. pharaonis with other neritic species in the Indian Ocean. Range: Indo-West Pacific Ocean: Widspread. For both the combined mtDNA dataset and the three-gene dataset, the AICc and BIC values were lowest for the ‘by gene and codon position’ partitioning scheme, indicating that this was the best-fitting partitioning scheme of those evaluated for these data (Table 3). Sepia pharaonis shows considerable morphological and behavioural variation across its range, leading Norman (2000) to suggest that S. pharaonis s. l. consists of three forms: S. pharaonis s. s. (Red Sea to the Gulf of Oman, including the Persian Gulf), Sepia pharaonis II (western Pacific and northern Australia) and S. pharaonis III (Maldives to the Andaman Sea coast of Thailand). Flamboyant Cuttlefish: This species is well-named for the rather bright and exuberant pattern of colors on ⦠49, Paris, France, DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates, Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology. The Eggs are like table tennis balls, around 1-inch in diameter. Preliminary analyses suggested that the default temperature (T = 0.2) resulted in very few state swaps between chains, and some analyses were succumbing to the ‘long tree’ problem, in which estimated branch lengths were unreasonably long, as described by Marshall (2010) and Brown et al. the coasts of south Asia, the Arabian Peninsula and northeastern Africa). There are hints that this complex may consist of more than three species; for example, hectocotylus morphology differs between males collected in Japan and Australia (Reid et al., 2005). Sepia pharaonis (pharaoh cuttlefish) is a large cuttlefish species, growing to 80 cm in mantle length. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. The taxonomic status of S. ramani (as well as usage of the binomen S. pharaonis itself) hinges on the taxonomic status of the five unnamed subclades, and this cannot be fully addressed without detailed morphological and morphometric work, preferably coupled with additional genetic data collection to provide a link with our study. In the present study, we described their reproductive behavior and characterized their embryonic development. As Anderson et al. This time, when 33 cuttlefish ⦠There is some morphological and behavioural evidence that S. pharaonis may be a complex of closely related species. Widespread Mediterranean, Indo-West Pacific Unfortunately, fossil cuttlebones are quite rare; the structure and composition of cuttlebones make them less likely to occur as aragonitic fossils than nautiloid or ammonite shells, and postmortem destruction of drifting cuttlebones may severely limit deposition in the first place (Hewitt & Pedley, 1978). 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